Cognitive Psychology Essay - 1069 Words

Cognitive psychology began around 19th century. Different approaches have been used to trace the roots of psychology. It is also known that cognitive psychology was out numbered by behaviorism but later revived, bringing into being cognitive revolution. The paper discusses cognitive revolution in the history of cognitive psychology as the most influential part in the practice of modern psychology. Introduction A scientific branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of cognition is referred to as cognitive psychology. Cognition has aspects involved in mental processes that include perception, attention, memory, problem solving, reasoning, and decision making. Perception is associated with recognizing, attention with†¦show more content†¦As noted by Benjamin (2007), cognitive psychology is a representation of gradual shift in concept and methodology borrowing knowledge from other fields such as computers, theory of information, theory of linguistics, and communication networks among others. It continues today in the research of cognition. For instance, neurophysiology is reached through neuroscience and biochemistry for better understanding of cognition. Cognitive revolution provided information-processing approach as a new way of mind study. Introduction of digital computers, devices of processing information, inspired many psychologists who began to view mind in the basis of information processing. The ability of computers to process information in stages captured the attention of many cognitive psychologists. By understanding that information in a computer as it is first received by input processor, then storage in memory unit follows, and lastly processing in arithmetic unit, many cognitive psychologists experimented and applied this layout. For instance, Goldstein (2007) shows that Cherry, a psychologist, experimented on attention where he presented two different messages at a go to people and later told them to repeat the messages. He realized that people pay attention to one message among many. He also deduced that the amount of information dealt with haveShow MoreRelatedCognitive psychology  . Essay5542 Words   |  23 Pa gesCognitive psychology  is the study of  mental processes. The  American Psychological Association  defines cognitive psychology as The study of higher mental processes such as  attention, language use,  memory,  perception, problem solving, and  thinking.[1]  Much of the work derived from cognitive psychology has been integrated into various other modern disciplines of psychological study including  social psychology,  personality psychology,  abnormal psychology,  developmental psychology, and  educational psychologyRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Psychology And Psychology1154 Words   |  5 Pagescome are explained by Cognitive psychology. With these necessary functions, you may wonder, just what is cognitive Psychology? Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that covers the mental processes of how people receive, retain and grasp information and situations. The term â€Å"cognition† stems from the Latin word â€Å" cognoscere† or to know. Basically, cognitive psychology studies how people acquire and apply knowledge or information. It is closely related to cognitive science and influencedRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Psychology Essay2350 Words   |  10 Pagesyou are constantly employing cognitive processes in order to function throughout the day. The term for the study of these cognitive processes is cognitive psychology. Rutgers University defines cognitive psychology as â€Å"the scientific study of mind and mental function, including learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development, and decision making†. One area of these cognitive processes is called wayfinding. It contains several cognitive processes such as knowing theRead MoreCognitive Psychology Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Cognitive Psychology Plynia Welty Psych 560 June 11, 2012 Brian Uldall Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology embarked on a revolutionary journey since the era of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Dr. King, 2012). St. Aquinas was the pioneering mind behind the idea that behavior can be divided into two areas, cognitive and effect. Logging empirical research on a subject provides practitioners a comprehensive view of the subject matter (Dr. King, 2012). In relationRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Psychology And Psychology980 Words   |  4 Pages A Cognitive Psychology 1064 Words 5 Pages Cognitive psychology began around 19th century. Different approaches have been used to trace the roots of psychology. It is also known that cognitive psychology was out numbered by behaviorism but later revived, bringing into being cognitive revolution. The paper discusses cognitive revolution in the history of cognitive psychology as the most influential part in the practice of modern psychology. Introduction A scientific branch of psychology that isRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Psychology And Psychology Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive Psychology Smith (2001) defines psychology as the study of the mind. One major subset within the broad study of psychology is popularly known as cognitive psychology. According to Aukrust (2011), cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the study of mental processes which includes how people or individuals think, perceive, learn and remember. As a part of the larger cognitive science field, this psychology branch is by means related to other disciplines such as neuroscienceRead MoreCognitive Psychology863 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Psychology Brian Shrum Psy/360 April 11, 2013 Dr. Turner Cognitive Psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus said, â€Å"Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short† (Goodwin, 2008, p. 28). He was referring to the belief that while the study of human thought, emotion, and behavior is firmly entrenched in philosophy, psychology as its own discipline has only been around a short time. During this short time, different branches of psychology have come out, one of them is cognitive psychologyRead MoreCognitive Psychology And Human Behavior930 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive psychology has evolved over the years. Researchers are constantly trying to find new ways to understand and define the human brain. Our memory is quite important in how we function on a day-to-day basis. Our memories help us to remember important functions such as combing our hair, brushing our teeth or getting dressed in the morning. Memories also help us to learn more information. Cognitive psychology refers to the study of human mental processes and their role of thinking, feeling , andRead MoreDifference Between Cognitive And Cognitive Psychology1389 Words   |  6 Pagestwo different approaches to Cognitive Psychology This essay will be focused on two different approaches to cognitive psychology: Cognitive Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. Cognitive Neuropsychology is concerned with the patterns of cognitive performance and emphasis on the cognitive effects of brain-damaged patients who suffered lesions, injuries or diseases, providing vest information on normal human cognition. (Eysenck and Keane 2015, p.5) Whereas cognitive neuroscience involves in-depthRead MoreAntecedents of Cognitive Psychology1680 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Psychology Definition and Subject Matter â€Å"Cognitive psychology is a modern approach to the study of [processes by which people come to understand the world- such processes as memory, learning, comprehending language, problem solving, and creativity. Cognitive psychology has been influenced by developments in language, computer science, and of course, earlier work in philosophy and psychology† – Hayes (cited by Lundin) This definition of Hayes emphasizes the notion that cognitive

Contemporary Issues in Food and Nutrition for Adolescents free essay sample

Contemporary Issues in Food and Nutrition for Adolescents The importance of establishing health promoting practices during childhood and adolescence has long been recognized by nutritionists and other health professionals. The purpose of this paper is to investigate further the issues relating to adolescents diets and contributing factors. Contributing factors include the increase of fast food consumption, unconventional meal patterns and lack of exercise. During adolescence, the influences on eating habits are numerous. The growing independence of adolescents, increased participation in social life and a generally busy schedule of activities have a great impact on food intake.? In the September 2007 issue of Health Promotion International, a survey of 18,486 secondary school students at 322 schools across all Australian states (except Western Australia) has found that a significant proportion of students fall short of current, national dietary and physical activity recommendations for teenagers. A new study suggests that as teens enter adulthood, they are more likely to skip meals, resulting in a very unconventional meal pattern. We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Issues in Food and Nutrition for Adolescents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Breakfast is frequently neglected and omitted more often by teenagers as they enter high school as they see it as an unnecessary hassle. These diets are likely to be bizarre and unbalanced. Though appetite is great, meal times tend to be irregular due to pre-occupation with school, other social activities or even a part time job. Therefore snacking in between meals is common. Skipping breakfast, for example, can lead to greater levels of hunger later in the day, causing overeating, or the choosing of heavy foods that fill you up faster, but may lack nutritional values. For teenage girls, lunch is usually skipped as a way of controlling weight. As adolescents go through puberty, they are bound to feel more pressured by their peers about the shape and size of their body, sexual development, and their general appearance. Due to this pressure, they are more likely to be self-conscious, resulting in unstable diets. These diets are usually also caused by the increasing amount of junk food consumption. The increase in junk food consumption is an important factor in a teens diet. This could be due to the increased independence and responsibility for food preparation that adolescents face during this developmental transition. Fast food, such as McDonalds, is a quick, easy and tasty option for aging adolescents who may have a busy day-to-day schedule and who may be used to relying on parents to prepare their meals. Also published in the September issue of Health Promotion International, a survey indicates that secondary school students between the ages of 12 and 17 are consuming far too much junk food and not enough vegetables and fruit. The survey found that only 20% of students were meeting the daily requirement of four serves of vegetables while 39% were eating the recommended three daily serves of fruit. Our survey found consumption of unhealthy/non-core foods was high, with 46% of students having fast food meals at least twice a week, 51% eating snack foods four or more times per week, and 44% having high-energy drinks four or more times per week, states Dr Victoria White, from the Centre of Behavioural Research in Victoria. The survey findings also highlight the need for secondary students to spend more time being physically active and less time in front of the television and computer. The problem of childhood obesity has recently skyrocketed, mainly in the Western nations. Established in an online article on the website For Parents, By Parents, approximately 16-33% of children and teens are considered obese. While obesity is one of the easiest medical conditions to diagnosis, it can be one of the most difficult to treat. The same online article also states that poor diet and lack of exercise results in over 300,000 deaths every year. We found that only 14% of students engaged in recommended levels of physical activity and about 70% exceeded recommended levels of sedentary behaviour, Dr Victoria White once again states. Current recommendations state teenagers should do at least 60 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity every day and spend no more than 2 hours per day using electronic media for entertainment. Unhealthy weight increases during adolescence have been associated with fasting insulin, increased levels of cholesterol and risk factors for heart disease and systolic blood pressure in young adulthood. Since adolescent obesity is a significant predictor of overweight status in adulthood, it is important to identify dietary behaviours early on that are associated with unhealthy weight gain in order to create effective interventions. It has been investigated that the three of the largest factors in adolescents diets include their unconventional meal pattern, increasing of junk food consumption and lack of exercise. The increased snack food intake and lack of required exercise result in a very disproportioned and unbalanced diet, which eventually leads to other fatal diseases such as risk of heart failure. Therefore, adolescents diet should be observed carefully to avoid an unhealthy epidemic.

Pride And Prejudice Jane Austen English Literature Essay Essay Example

Pride And Prejudice Jane Austen English Literature Essay Paper Elizabeth Bennet is the supporter of this novel, she is the 2nd oldest adult females in the Bennet household, she is beautiful, intelligent and about ever Judgess everything with the first feeling, she has a good relationship with his male parent Mr. Bennet, ( a sarcastic gentleman who loves her girl, but he frequently fails as a parent ) , and her oldest sister Jane, because of the manner she see merely the good in others. Elizabeth get in love with Mr. Darcy, a handsome, tall, and intelligent, but instead antisocial individual, he is a good known work forces who belongs to a high societal category. The lone thing that she does nt wish about him is his inordinate pride, and that is why their relationship gets into many problems doing each character to see the other one differences during the novel and seeking to work out them so they can eventually remain together. We will write a custom essay sample on Pride And Prejudice Jane Austen English Literature Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pride And Prejudice Jane Austen English Literature Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pride And Prejudice Jane Austen English Literature Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jane Bennet is the oldest of the Bennet sister, she is non the most cagey but she is considered the most beautiful and reasonable of all the sisters that is why she is favored by Mrs. Bennet ( her female parent, who is frivolous and her chief aspiration in life is to get married her girls off good ) .Jane gets in love with Mr. Bingley, a rich adult male who late moved to Hertfordshire, Mrs. Bennet accept the relationship merely because he is a work forces with a batch of money, but Mr. Darcy who is Mr. Bingley best friend, ever seek to protect feels their love is non equal and he does nt desire to see Bingley acquire hurt that is why he seek to divide them, but thanks to Elizabeth, Mr. Darcy realises his error and brings back Bingley who so marries Jane. The secret plan of the narrative occurs on how the relationship of Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy changes, it is finally distinct when Darcy overcomes his pride, and Elizabeth overcomes her bias and they both overcome their differences and judgements to fall in love with each other. The ambiance of the novel is really interesting because it is non a typical romantic narrative, and the people really had a different manner to act on that clip. Like the manner the adult females s in that period where really interested on the money, so they can hold a good life style. Another point is that it is non so deadening because the relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy has a really interesting alteration, because of the pride of him and the bias of she, destiny makes a struggle with the features of each one, and merely by work outing their jobs, they can eventually acquire in love. At the beginning of the narrative is when Mr. Bingley moves to England and met the Bennet s household, there is where he talks for the first clip with Jane Bennet, and experience a connexion between them, evidently Mrs. Bennet is interested in that relationships, because she wants a good life style for her girls and that is why she make everything to fall in them, but she does nt believe in the sentiment of Mr. Bingley s best friend named Mr. Darcy who ever take attention about him. Mr. Darcy feel and think that the relation between Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley is non love, and that she is merely interested in the money she will hold by get marrieding with him. And that is why he started to judge the Bennet household with a bad construct, and seek to divide Mr. Bingley of Jane Bennet, even though they are truly in both, and she is non interested in his money. During the development Mr. Darcy, ever do a bad justice of this household, but when he met Elizabeth, he started to alter his head, Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth are forced to be in each other s company, in different state of affairss, and there is where he get down to acquire in love with her. But Elizabeth does non experience the same at him, that is because he is seeking to divide her sisters love of her, and she start to experience hatred to him, at last she changes Mr. Darcy s head and convince him that her sister Jane will be a good married woman for Mr. Bingley, and that she is non like her female parent, that means that she is non interested in his money, because he genuinely love him. Mr. Darcy changes his head and accepts the relation between his friend and Jane Bennet, so they eventually stay together. And between Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet, they eventually solve the jobs and get the better of their differences and judgements, so Elizabeth sentiment of him alteration and they can eventually fall in love with each other. I think the strengths of this book is that possibly it is non a normal romantic narrative like other novels are based on, and the failings, could be that possibly non everyone is interested on reading romantic novels. This book truly keep my interested, because of the manner it is explained, and the state of affairss that happen during the narrative, I can non state it impact me, because I do non truly experience the narrative moved me, it can be because, the struggle in the novel, is non truly possible to go on to me, and the manner the people behave on that clip is non the manner the people behave now a yearss. My sentiment of this book, is that it is a truly interesting romantic novel, that can explicate how times have changed, and how people behaved many old ages ago, at the same clip that it speak about the differences that exist between the pride and bias of two people, that by work outing their differences they both get in love. I do urge this novel for people that judge people before cognizing them, and the 1s that have a batch of pride!

Greenland Shark Facts (Somniosus microcephalus)

Greenland Shark Facts (Somniosus microcephalus) The cold waters of the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean are home to the worlds longest-lived vertebrate: the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus). The large shark goes by several other names, including gurry shark, grey shark, and eqalussuaq, its Kalaallisut name. The Greenland shark is best known for its impressive 300 to 500 year life span, as well as its use for its use in the Icelandic national dish: kà ¦stur hkarl. Fast Facts: Greenland Shark Scientific Name: Somniosus microcephalusOther Names: Gurry shark, grey shark, eqalussuaqDistinguishing Features: Large gray or brown shark with small eyes, rounded snout, and small dorsal and pectoral finsAverage Size: 6.4 m (21 ft)Diet: CarnivorousLifespan: 300 to 500 yearsHabitat: North Atlantic and Arctic OceanConservation Status: Near ThreatenedKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ChondrichthyesOrder: SqualiformesFamily: SomniosidaeFun Fact: Chef Anthony Bourdain said kà ¦stur hkarl was the single worst, most disgusting and terrible tasting thing he ever ate. Description Greenland sharks are large fish, comparable in size to great whites and in appearance to sleeper sharks. On average, adult Greenland sharks are 6.4 m (21 ft) long and weigh 1000 kg (2200 lb), but some specimens reach 7.3 m (24 ft) and 1400 kg (3100 lb). The fish are gray to brown in color, sometimes with dark streaks or white spots. Males are smaller than females. The shark has a thick body, with a short, round snout, small gill openings and fins, and small eyes. Its upper teeth are thin and pointed, while its lower teeth are broad with cusps. The shark rolls its jaw to cut away pieces of its prey. Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus). NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program Distribution and Habitat The Greenland shark is usually found in the North Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean between sea level and a depth of 1200 m (3900 ft). However, the fish migrate to deeper water further south during the summer. One specimen was observed off the coast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina at 2200 m (7200 ft), while another was documented at 1749 m (5738 ft) in the Gulf of Mexico. Greenland shark distribution. Chris_huh Diet The Greenland shark is an apex predator that feeds mainly on fish. However, it has never actually been observed hunting. Reports of scavenging are common. The shark supplements its diet with reindeer, moose, horse, polar bears, and seals. Adaptations While the shark feeds on seals, researchers are unclear how it hunts them. Because it lives in frigid water, a Greenland shark has an extremely low metabolic rate. In fact, its metabolic rate is so low that the species has the lowest swimming speed for its size of any fish, so it cannot swim fast enough to catch seals. Scientists hypothesize sharks may catch seals while they are sleeping. The low metabolic rate also leads to the animals slow growth rate and incredible longevity. Because sharks have cartilaginous skeletons rather than bones, dating their age requires a special technique. In a 2016 study, scientists performed radiocarbon dating on the crystals in the lenses of eyes of sharks caught as bycatch. The oldest animal in that study was estimated to be 392 years of age, plus or minus 120 years. From this data, it appears Greenland sharks live at least 300 to 500 years, making them the worlds longest-lived vertebrate. The biochemistry of the Greenland shark is adapted to allow the fish to survive extremely cold temperatures and high pressures. The sharks blood contains three types of hemoglobin, allowing the fish to obtain oxygen over a range of pressures. The shark is said to smell like urine, due to the high levels of urea and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in their tissue. These nitrogenous compounds are waste products, but the shark uses them to increase buoyancy and maintain homeostasis. Most Greenland sharks are blind, but not because their eyes are small. Rather, the eyes are colonized by copepods, occluding the fishs vision. Its possible the shark and copepods may have a mutualistic relationship, with the crustaceans displaying bioluminescence that attracts prey for the shark to eat. Reproduction Very little is known about Greenland shark reproduction. The female is ovoviviparous, giving birth to about 10 pups per litter. The newborn pups measure 38 to 42 cm (15 to 17 in) in length. Based on the animals slow growth rate, scientists estimate it takes about 150 years for a shark to reach sexual maturity. Greenland Sharks and Humans The high concentration of TMAO in Greenland shark flesh makes its meat toxic. The TMAO is metabolized into trimethylamine, causing potentially dangerous intoxication. However, the sharks meat is considered a delicacy in Iceland. The meat is detoxified by drying, repeated boiling, or fermenting. Hkarl hanging to dry in Iceland. Chris 73 Although a Greenland shark could easily kill and eat a human, there are no verified cases of predation. Presumably, this is because the shark lives in extremely cold water, so the chance of interaction with humans is very low. Conservation Status The Greenland shark is listed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List. Its population trend and the number of surviving adults is unknown. Presently, the species is caught as bycatch and intentionally for Arctic specialty food. In the past, Greenland sharks were heavily fished for their liver oil and were killed because fisheries thought they posed a threat to other fish. Because the animals grow and reproduce so slowly, they have not had time to recover. The shark is also threatened by overfishing and climate change. Sources Anthoni, Uffe; Christophersen, Carsten; Gram, Lone; Nielsen, Niels H.; Nielsen, Per (1991). Poisonings from flesh of the Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus may be due to trimethylamine. Toxicon. 29 (10): 1205–12. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(91)90193-UDurst, Sidra (2012). Hkarl. In Deutsch, Jonathan; Murakhver, Natalya. They Eat That? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Weird and Exotic Food from around the World. pp. 91–2. ISBN 978-0-313-38059-4.Kyne, P.M.; Sherrill-Mix, S.A. Burgess, G.H. (2006). Somniosus microcephalus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2006: e.T60213A12321694. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60213A12321694.enMacNeil, M. A.; McMeans, B. C.; Hussey, N. E.; Vecsei, P.; Svavarsson, J.; Kovacs, K. M.; Lydersen, C.; Treble, M. A.; et al. (2012). Biology of the Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus. Journal of Fish Biology. 80 (5): 991–1018. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03257.xWatanabe, Yuuki Y.; Lydersen, Christian; Fisk, Aaron T.; Kovacs, Kit M. (2012). The slowest fish: Swim speed and tail-beat frequency of Greenland sharks. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 426–427: 5–11. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2012.04.021

Google experience in different country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Google experience in different country - Essay Example Some countries, though, do not have preference to access it for different reasons, ranging from cultural heritage and leading technology. For instance, Google France, German and Japan contested Google’s applications including its ability to address censorship and prolific advertisements. Likewise, these countries contest the use of digitalise books from American universities, which are actually supported by the American culture. To counter unprecedented Google dominance in the global sphere, each country created their own search engine with appropriate government investment. In France, the Franco- Germen project Quaero ensued in 2005.Then, in 2007, the Germans decided to develop their own project, Theseus. Finally in Japan, the Grand Voyage Project was developed in 2005 in response to the needs of the local population. All projects contained more visual imagines to beat Google; however, these countries’ investments are not substantial when compare to Google’s fin ancial base. Google analysed the situation and put a lot of effort to adapt to the unique and sensitive cultural elements in order not to lose its global market share. The organization continues improving technology and invests in R&D centres around the world. Google learned from the past and evolving experiences with France, German and Japan that there is a strong need to adapt business practices in a host country to integrate values, norms and preferences imbibed in culture and to consider various government regulations. Introduction Google Inc., based in America, was created by two brilliant Stanford University PHD students Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998. Since then, Google has exhibited unprecedented growth by providing dozen of services and products, like fast and simple search engine, maps, web, communication and publishing, advertizing and many more. When Google used a Ranking system technology, the system not only looked for keywords, but also searched results based on t he popularities and numbers of other web sites that were linked to the page. Google launched its IPO in 2004 that offered a 23 billion value market. Today, Google is one of the biggest company in a country with a value market of about 200 billion. http://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2011/11/03/groupon-is-the-biggest-internet-ipo-since-google/ The money Google makes is from two main source ads (21 billion of revenue in 2008) and selling technology to other sites. When users look for some information in the Google website they can see organic result and advertisements (sponsored links). Through 2001 to November 2011, Google made about 105 acquisitions, including the video sharing service YouTube, and online advertising company,By 2000, Google became the world’s largest search engine with billion-page index where users could search information in 10 different languages. Remarkably today, they offer their applications in 150 languages and dialects. 1.Q. How does a search engine work and m ake money? The search engine of Google is a powerful tool. Google uses a special algorithm to generate search

Healthcare knowledge management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healthcare knowledge management - Research Paper Example This paper is a critical analysis of a qualitative healthcare study titled, Healthcare Knowledge Management: The Art of the Possible by Syed Sibte Raza Abidi. It was published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg in 2008. Problem Statement Healthcare and the field of medicine are areas which are characterized by rich knowledge. However, this knowledge is often underutilized especially during times of care or need There is exponential growth, in the healthcare sector, in the understanding of diseases, procedures for  treatment  and measures of patient care.  On the other hand, this  significant  growth  has resulted in healthcare  knowledge  to  tend  to a flux because of the  generation  of new knowledge at a fast pace.  It is necessary to note that the utilization of this  knowledge  significantly impacts healthcare delivery, health outcomes and patient care. The ability of the clinical  personnel  or staff is also not congruent in the appropriate d issemination,  application  and  translation  of the healthcare  knowledge  that  is currently generated  in the clinical practice (Jackson, 2000). This form of knowledge is usually available in a different medium, but occurs in large volumes thus posing a challenge to the healthcare experts to be aware and  implement  the pertinent and  relevant  parts to the decisions of patient care. These decisions need to rely on the  most relevant,  appropriate  and  current  knowledge  available, and implement alongside the available  data  on point-of-care patient as well as in line with the therapeutic references of the patients. Recent studies have also proven that healthcare professionals have limited access and implementation of the current healthcare  knowledge, and this ultimately affects the most  sensitive  part  which is the optimal healthcare delivery to patients. Several surveys and studies have reported over 98,000 deaths of patient s each year due to preventable errors. Another study revealed that 11% patients admitted to hospitals experienced or encountered adverse events, 48% of the occurrences would  have been prevented  if the  right  and relevant  knowledge  is  applicable  (Bates et al, 2003). These evidences  show  the under utilization of the continuously generated healthcare  knowledge, which results to  wrong  clinical decisions, under utilization of resources, medical errors and high costs of healthcare delivery. Purpose and Research Questions Healthcare  knowledge  is  highly  critical in decision making, in clinical situations involving the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Implementation of this knowledge in the  correct  way ensures effective diagnostic decisions and  subsequent  working  therapeutic regimes. Decision making by clinical experts occurs in a cyclic  way  characterized by  application  of the healthcare  knowledge  in val idating the initial hypotheses, which meets the requirements of the final decision and deals with  potential  challenges (Montani  &  Bellazzi, 2002).  There is  dynamic  contextualization of the healthcare  knowledge  in interpreting the health status of a patient, and finding the right  treatment  interventions that suit each patient, in a  specific  situation  or clinical  condition.  The key to achieving such  successful  and  effective  decisions and treatment regimes is by making the  relevant, current and  correct  knowledge  available to  clinical  professionals in  line  to their  clinical  context. The author believes that the timely and effective use of such  knowledge  can  transform  the  potential  and  nature  of healthcare practices. This has the  sure  potential  of yielding  high  and quality levels of  team  care, patient care, patient centeredness, quality care, and cost eff ective healthcare (Bali &  Dwivedi, 2006). The aims of management of healthcare  knowledge  are to address the gaps in knowledge applicable to the system of healthcare,

Bad Effects of Smoking Essay Example for Free

Bad Effects of Smoking Essay Cigarette smoking is usually associated with breathing trouble and lung cancer. But smokers are at a high risk of developing several chronic disorders. Along with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and diabetes, smoking is a major independent risk factor for a coronary heart disease or kidney failure. It causes damage by decreasing the oxygen flow to the heart. It increases the blood pressure and heart rate, both of which are fatal for the heart. A cigarette has many types of poisons, including carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, tar and most of all, nicotine. Apart from that, there are many other poisonous ingredients of varying toxicity. Nicotine is addictive and affects the arteries in a negative manner. Heartbeat increases, hypertension occurs and arteries get constricted due to nicotine. Oxygen supply to the heart is stopped due to carbon monoxide. Blood clotting and clogging gets increased. In the case of coronary artery, the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart gets decreased due to narrowing of the arteries. This strain leads to a chest pain or angina pectoris. Apart from the long-term bad effects, cigarette smoking affects the body right at the moment of smoking due to the presence of so many poisonous substances. Arsenic is a rat poison, methane is a rocket fuel, ammonia is used in floor cleaning, cadmium is used in batteries, carbon monoxide is part of car exhaust and hydrogen cyanide is a poison used in gas chambers. Every time one inhales smoke from a cigarette, all these poisonous chemicals enter into the blood through the lungs in small amounts. Even small amounts of such deadly poisons can harm the body. Smoking makes one smell bad, stains the teeth, causes the skin to wrinkle and gives bad breath. Cavities are found three times more in smokers than non-smokers. Hormone levels get lower due to smoking. Smokers cough for a long time. They are more prone to bronchitis and pneumonia. Smokers fall sick more often. Every time one inhales smoke from a cigarette, some of the air sacks in the lungs get killed. This way, parts of the lungs gradually get destroyed. This hampers activities like sports or singing where proper breathing is necessary. Smoking paralyzes the hair-like structures called cilia lining the lungs. They become incapable of sweeping out dust particles, smoke and pollens from the lungs. As a result these particles stay permanently in the lungs and form tar. Cigarettes are as bad as cocaine or heroin. The poisonous addictive in nicotine makes people feel good while smoking. This increases the chances of lung cancer or emphysema. One ends up being sick for a long, long time. Smoke from a cigarette increases fatty deposits in the blood and strains the heart. The risk of a heart disease and atherosclerosis gets aggravated due to this. Atherosclerosis is a disease in which fatty substances like cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium etc are deposited along the lining of arteries in a human body. LDL cholesterol increases and HDL cholesterol decreases due to smoking. Triglycerides increases and affects the cholesterol levels negatively.